The increase of phenols through time is also a remarkable characteristic of this test. 781 votes, 35 comments. 2,500 m, on the burrow of Idiopidae spiders. More information about the expedition may be found here. Uridine was detected in higher concentrations in extracts obtained from synthetic culture media (SDAY and SDAY-SS). Selenium complexes can promote the activity of several enzymes involved in cordycepin synthesis [60]. Simply referred to as "cordyceps", an unspecified species is the cause of a worldwide pandemic and the zombie-like "infected" in the 2013 video game The Last of Us and its 2023 television adaptation. In this study, we purified a novel protein from the fruit bodies of C. militaris and designated it as Cordyceps militaris protein (CMP). Known distribution: tropical rainforest in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Cuba and Ecuador. However, its supply is rapidly decreasing mainly due to its over-exploitation [4]. Conidia forming linear and globose mucilaginous heads, ellipsoidal to ovoid, usually straight, smooth-walled, 1-celled, 2.07.0 1.02.0 m (n = 30). On the other hand, the genus Bacillus is one of the most predominant in the environment. These results suggest a novel application against bacteria with high resistance to conventional antibiotics [70]. Yes A Cordyceps currently classified with Cordyceps caloceroides, a spider parasite. A) methanol, B) water, and C) n-hexane extractions. Bionectriaceae, Nectriaceae, Hypocreaceae, Clavicipitaceae, Ophiocordycipitaceae are collapsed to emphasize of Cordycipitaceae. A conidial suspension was prepared and adjusted to 105 spores per mL in sterile distilled water with 0.1% (v v-1) Tween 80. Both species, together with C. pruinosa, form a clade here referred to as KOH+ (Fig 1) due to the shift in color from the typical red pigmentation to violet when a drop of potassium hydroxide is added. Four additional specimens were examined from the Herbario Nacional del Ecuador (QCNE), the Herbario de la Universidad de Antioquia (HUA) and Joao Araujo Personal collection. It is part of the exhibition of the Vancouver Mycological Society (http://mushroomobserver.org/139860?q=1Xxc). Additionally, we evaluated the medicinal potential of this species by measuring antimicrobial activity and total phenolic content. E-G) Conidial state of C. nidus E) Long and slender phialides with a conidial head produces on prostate narrow hypha. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. B) Cross section of perithecia stained with Fucsin lactic acid showing the broad ostioles HUA 186166. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179428.g002. Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Also this reaction was reported for Metarhizium martialis [23]. Cordyceps | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Cancer Care Cordyceps Purported Benefits, Side Effects & More Share Common Names Vegetable caterpillar Chinese caterpillar fungus Dong chong xia cao Semitake Hsia ts'ao tung ch'ung Yarsha gumba Jump to: For Patients & Caregivers For Healthcare Professionals For Patients & Caregivers Quality control of Cordyceps sinensis, a valued traditional Chinese medicine. Known distribution: Tropical rain forest of Colombia and Ecuador. The measured metabolite concentration was normalized to internal standard concentrations. A) A long stromata emerging from a big Theraphosidae spider (picture taken by Carlos Padilla on Yasuni Scientific Research Station, EC). [9] Areas with high densities of ants that have this fungus growing out of them are known as graveyards. J Appl Microbiol. Host: Stromata emerging from the lid of the burrow of young trapdoor spiders belong to Idiopidae family (Aranae: Mygalomorpha). Tarapaca, El Zafire Reserve, 40'21'' S, 6953'55'' W, elev. Yes 10: 375. These findings suggest that C. nidus would be a source of compounds for neuronal disease treatments. Hirsutella sinensis is currently recognized as its asexual state in cultivable species, based on the observation of its microcyclic conidiation and molecular analyses [5]. Cordyceps caloceroides Berk. The worldwide demand for products derived from cultivable fungal species with medicinal properties has increased recently. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. Our samples grouped into a new taxon with a strong statistical support (bootstrap, MLBS = 99; PP = 1) inside the Cordycipitaceae family (Fig 1). The presence of polyphenols opens the possibility of further exploring the antioxidant capacity and the conditions that may enhance this characteristic. It is known that the culture medium can induce many changes in the physiology of a fungus, and these results are in agreement with other studies involving Cordyceps fungi [12]. Yes The pigmentation on all cultures intensify through time, but pigments on BR intensify less and were pale orange (N00A50M50) almost all the time. No, Is the Subject Area "Fungi" applicable to this article? Cordyceps is a type of fungus long used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Collection location: Actual collection date unknown. The total phenolic content (TPC) of methanol fractions was measured using the modified version of the Folin-Ciocalteu method [8]. This fungus is only found buried deep in the ground parasitizing larvae of the ghost moth Thitarodes spp (Lepidoptera: Hepialide) up to 5.000 meters of altitude in the eastern and southern parts of the Tibetan Plateau [3]. I. Myrmecophilous hirsutelloid species", Mystery parasites on zombie ant fungus identified by scientists, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ophiocordyceps&oldid=1148121210, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0, This page was last edited on 4 April 2023, at 06:05. National Library of Medicine The analysis focused in the nucleosides compounds and non-reported metabolites. Choc, Nuqu, Biological Station El Amargal, GPS: 534'39''N7730'49'' S, elev. Cordycepscaloceroides NCBI BLAST name: ascomycete fungi Rank: species Genetic code: Translation table 1 (Standard) Mitochondrial genetic code: Translation table 4 (Mold Mitochondrial; Protozoan Mitochondrial; Coelenterate Mitochondrial; Mycoplasma; Spiroplasma) Lineage( full ) Polar and non-polar fractions were lyophilized and dried, respectively, and then adjusted to a final concentration of 4 mg of extracted fungal biomass per 1 mL of solvent. A p-value < 0.05 was considered as significant. The tarantula integument medium was prepared from adult Theraphosidae spiders, which were deeply sedated in an ethyl acetate chamber prior to the euthanization as is suggested by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee [36]. A similar analysis was carried out before recognizing that the species within the ravanelli clade in the Ophiocordycipitaceae family, i.e., Ophiocordyceps heteropoda, Ophiocordyceps gracillioides, Ophiocordyceps gracillis, Ophiocordyceps blattarioides, and Ophiocordyceps amazonica, are recognized as phylogenetic species due to their phylogenetic positions and by their host affiliation and stage of the host, rather than by the slight morphological differences among them [18]. J Mycol. The MIC assay was done in triplicate starting with a concentration of 50 mg of fungal material per 1 mL of solvent and diluting by half the concentration until an inhibition halo was no longer observed. 2012;75(3):31135. & Evans, H.C. 1996. : cordycepin, adenosine, inosine, and guanosine. nov. Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. Additionally, Cordyceps sp. eCollection 2021 Sep. Wang Y, Wang Y, Wang Y, Chen X, Liu C, Zhang M, Liu K, Zhao Y, Li Z. This may improve the way your body. Wells containing water and n-hexane were used as negative controls. Derivatization and analyses of metabolites was performed by a GC-MS 7890A (Agilent, Santa Clara, USA) [37].]. Ophiocordyceps is a genus of fungi within the family Ophiocordycipitaceae. These specimens showed threadlike stromata that were 1040 cm long, a fertile area distinguished by its pruinosa appearance due to the large ostioles on the tiny perithecia (90250 m), and short sub-fusiform asci with slightly curved fusiform multiseptate ascospores. It was shown that many species of Cordyceps played a significant role in the cycling of matter in an ecological system, had a high ecological and economic value for biocontrol and bioactive compounds, and served as a model system for research on fungal insect pathology (Zha et al., 2018; Chen W. H. et al., 2019). 1900 to 2700 m, average temperature of 14C, and an average relative humidity of 85%). Cordyceps caloceroides. Nevertheless, the mass intensity values of uridine compared with the other four markers were too low to consider it as a quality marker for this species (Fig 6E). Mass intensity values of inosine were two and four times higher with respect to guanosine and adenosine, respectively (Fig 6B and 6C). Among the nucleosides detected, abacavir, cordycepin, and N6-hydroxyethyl adenosine predominated with mass intensity values above 106 (Table 2). 1868 Fig 3. Metabolomic Discoveries GmbH, Postdam-Golm, Germany, * E-mail: t_sanjuan@hotmail.com (TS); srestrep@uniandes.edu.co (SR), Affiliations Product and Processes Design Group, Universidad de los Andes, Bogot, Colombia, Affiliation Sung et al in 2007, who did not include O. caloceroides in their molecular analysis, adopted the same result as well [30]. This phenolic content is followed by that of fungi grown on SDAY-SS and TA medium, respectively. A Review. Cordyceps Is a Killer Fungi With Potential Health Benefits With anti-fatigue, anti-aging and anti-cancer claims, this fungi still needs more studies With more than 150,000 species of fungi (and perhaps a million or more yet to discover ), there's an ever-growing area of interest in the potential effects fungi have on humans. [5], One species complex, Ophiocordyceps unilateralis, is known for its parasitism on ants, in which it alters the behavior of the ants in such a way as to propagate itself more effectively, killing the ant and then growing its fruiting bodies from the ant's head and releasing its spores. Stipe terete, smooth, brownish red (9C7), 534 0.52 mm. PMCID: PMC5479552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179428 Abstract Cordyceps sensu lato is a genus of arthropod-pathogenic fungi, which have been used traditionally as medicinal in Asia. 100 m. JPM Araujo CALOC. Product and Processes Design Group, Universidad de los Andes, Bogot, Colombia, broad scope, and wide readership a perfect fit for your research every time. These fractions were used for metabolomic profiling and antimicrobial assays. At this point, the fungus has consumed the tissues of the spider and has fruiting ascocarps that produce spores. Unfortunately, its large-scale cultivation has not yet been achieved due to the fungus strong host dependence [6]. Global Biodiversity Information Facility. J Nat Prod. Within the genus, Ophiocordyceps sinensis is the most coveted and expensive species in China. Inocula for molds were prepared as described before [3839]. Water and n-hexane fractions presented a strong matrix effect, which is related to high concentration of metabolites, this leads to a lower detection rate of them. ECUADOR, Pichincha, Canton Quito, protected forest Guajalito river, 0015'54''S 7840'00''W, 2400 m, 20 Dic 2003 I. Vargas 022, QCNE 186229. Mass intensity values of nucleosides were detected higher in semi-natural culture media (BR and TA) than in the artificial media tested (SDAY and SDAY-SS). Differences between data obtained from the same week were compared by conducting a Students t-test through the statistical software R v 3.0.1[41]. 2,400 m, Nov 1 2003, N. Erazo 003, QCNE 186235. Fungal odor. This biochemical-physiological reaction was firstly reported by Petch in 1924, when he described C. pruinosa [56]. 2008; 10(3):21934. The worldwide demand for products derived from cultivable fungal species with medicinal properties has increased recently. The MIC for each group of samples is listed in Table 4. Before The mass intensities observed for the other substrate treatments showed to be similar among them. In the 2014 novel The Girl with All the Gifts and its 2016 film adaptation, a mutation of Ophiocordyceps unilateralis is responsible for an infection that causes the collapse of civilization. Vegetative hyphae 1.02.0 m wide, smooth-walled, regularly septate. Cordyceps sensu lato is a genus of arthropod-pathogenic fungi, which have been used traditionally as medicinal in Asia. PCR reaction mixture and PCR program were carried out as previously described [24]. Four specimens were found associated with tarantula spiders (Theraphosidae) and presented a morphology that resembles the concept of Petch from 1933 of Ophiocordyceps caloceroides [42]. Furthermore, methanol fractions showed antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria, and less than 3.00 mg of gallic acid equivalents per g of dried extract were obtained when assessing its total phenolic content by modified Folin-Ciocalteu method. The TPCs of C. nidus cultivated under various substrates indicate that synthetic culture media are perhaps the best substrates to produce antioxidants. Description English: infecting an unknown species of Tarantula. Cordyceps sensu lato is a genus of arthropod-pathogenic fungi, which have been used traditionally as medicinal in Asia. No, Is the Subject Area "Adenosine" applicable to this article? The electronic version of this article in Portable Document Format (PDF) in a work with an ISSN or ISBN will represent a published work according to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, and hence the new names contained in the electronic publication of a PLOS ONE article are effectively published under that Code from the electronic edition alone, so there is no longer any need to provide printed copies. Mycelial density from four-weeks-old fungal cultures was classified as thin (+), moderate (++), or compact (+++). J Pharm Biomed Anal. Conidiophores arising from submerged hyphae, moderately branched. It is said to have potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Cordyceps caloceroides QCNE186715. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179428.g005. Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field. Yes The entries in the table are the means and standard deviations of the mass intensities. Consumer demand for natural products is growing worldwide. Li X, Liu Q, Li W, Li Q, Qian Z, Liu X, Dong C. Crit Rev Biotechnol. Fig 1. Fertile part subcylindrical, apex rounded, pruinosa, coral-red (8B6) to carmine red (9A8) 2.518 0.53 mm. On the other hand, methanol fractions summed a total of 3,271 compounds, where 41.18% were shared among all culture media treatments. No antimicrobial activity was present for the water or n-hexane fractions and neither of the extract fractions studied was able to inhibit growth of molds, yeasts, or gram-negative bacteria. doi: Li SP, Yang FQ, Tsim KWK. here. 2,500 m. 27 Feb 2011, T. Sanjuan 904, Isotype: HUA 186186, 10 de Apr de 2011, T sanjuan 930, 12 Nov 2013, T. Sanjuan 1129, 17 Feb 2015, T. Sanjuan 1163, Paratype: ANDES-F 1080. 2022 Apr 13;13:846909. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.846909. In general, C. nidus showed the following characteristics: orange (N00A80M80) to white (N00A00M00) colonies, with a deeper pigmentation on the reverse, a characteristic fungal smell, and a typical tomentose texture. Grateful with Kent Brothers for his help in the English writing for the paper. Tatiana Sanjuan, Affiliations All subsequent steps were carried out at Metabolomic Discoveries GmbH (Potsdam, Germany; http://www.metabolomicdiscoveries.com/). Funding: This work was supported in part from the project The phylogenetic relationship of Cordyceps in the Insecta Class in the Amazon of Colombia Code 489-2009 (COLCIENCIAS, Department of Science and Technology of Colombia), and the project Metabolmics de Cordyceps nidus and Cordyceps takaomontana: a bioprospective analysis, code 1204-669-46686 (COLCIENCIAS) to metabolomics analysis and to prepare and publish the manuscript. have been mainly attributed to nucleosides, glycosylamines involved in the regulation and modulation of several biological processes and their derivatives [1011]. 150 m, average temperature of 28C, and an average relative humidity of 95%). 1.44 1014. and Curt. B) Cross section of perithecia stained with Fucsin lactic acid showing the broad ostioles HUA 186166. Among these compounds, cordycepin was the predominant, showing the potential use of this species as an alternative to O. sinensis. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. It is found in tropical rainforests from Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia and Ecuador. The nucleosides content and the presence of the particular metabolites described above suggested that this Cordyceps species may be suitable as a dietary supplement or pharmacological product. Forward and reverse nucleotide sequences were assembled and cleaned using Geneious 5.1.2v [25]. nidus on different culture media. D) Asci and ascospores stained with fucsin acid dye. Once again this confirms that the morphological characters in Cordyceps s.l. Fractions that showed antimicrobial activity were later tested to determine the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) for each microorganism. A Maximum Likelihood analysis was first conducted using RAxML-VI-HPC v 2.0 as part of the CIPRES gateway [31]. Int J Med Mushrooms. In the future, a thorough systematic and ecological study will be necessary to reach a more comprehensive understanding of the Cordyceps-spiders interaction. Some Cordyceps spp. Another Cordyceps caloceroides group Cordyceps growing on an idiopidae spider below a close up of the still immature fruiting . Colony characteristics were described after growing strains on PDA and SDAY for 10 days at 25C. Though matrix effect is also strong for water fractions, the mass intensity of adenosine, cordycepin, guanosine, and uridine from SDAY-SS treatments were higher than in methanol ones (Fig 6A6C and 6E). An exponential increase of TPC is shown for each group of samples on SDAY, SDAY-SS, and TA through time (R2 > 0.99). The name Cordyceps caloceroides is of type basionym. This biomass was kept at -20C until it was lyophilized and ground for posterior extraction of metabolites. Error bars correspond to the standard deviation obtained from eight independent replicates. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179428.g006. We also found that BR showed the largest number of unique compounds (5.07%), followed by TA (2.30%), then SDAY-SS (1.76%), and finally SDAY (0.03%). The last collection site, where one sample was collected in November 2014, was in the municipal forest of Mariquita, a lowland tropical forest located in the inter Andes valley, Tolima, Colombia (elev. Several of these metabolites corresponded to peptides, vitamins, organic acids and sugars (S3 Table), among which some were recognized some of them as potential bioactive compounds. nov. (Cordycipitaceae): A new source of active compounds. (H,I) Colony obverse (H) and reverse (I) on PDA at 14 days. A) methanol, B) water, and C) n-hexane extracts. Cordyceps caloceroides MCA2249. Six samples were collected in the Chicaque Natural Park, a cloud forest located in the Municipality of San Antonio del Tequendama, Cundinamarca, Colombia (elev. All culture media were prepared with 1.5% (w v-1) agar to avoid bias by the presence or absence of this component. B) Cross section of perithecia. We also noted that their mass intensities on SDAY were the smaller ones, which is in concordance with the global diversity of metabolites extracted. 560 m, 11 Nov 2014, T. Sanjuan 1161, ANDES-F 1246. doi: Chioza A, Ohga S, A review on fungal isolates reported as anamorphs of Ophiocordyceps sinensis. Given that we found more activity in extracts derived from these treatments, we suggest that this azole could be a candidate for biological activity against gram-positive bacteria. Phylogenetic relationships inferred from a, Fig 1. The spider host was located 25-30 cm within its soil tunnel nest and the orange, cylindrical stromata were emerging from the entrance through the leaf litter. In the case of adenosine, inosine, and guanosine, higher concentrations were found in the methanol extracts obtained from mycelia grown on BR than on the other culture media tested. The optimization of other environmental factors is needed to induce the production of higher concentrations of this kind of compounds. 2.500 m. 17 Feb 2015 T. Sanjuan 1163 Paratype: ANDES-F 1080, 3 Dic 2015, T. Sanjuan 1202, ANDES-F 1247. Cordyceps / krdsps / is a genus of ascomycete fungi (sac fungi) that includes about 600 worldwide species. A) A long stromata emerging from a big Theraphosidae spider (picture taken by Carlos Padilla on Yasuni Scientific Research Station, EC). Yes Furthermore, methanol fractions showed antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria, and less than 3.00 mg of gallic acid equivalents per g of dried extract were obtained when assessing its total phenolic content by modified Folin-Ciocalteu method. Nucleosides can be differentially induced by intrinsic or environmental factors, such as the developmental stage of the fungus, light exposure and wavelength, the composition of the culture media, among other factors [78], [1215]. Methanol and n-hexane extractions were performed as it was described for C. pruinosa with some modifications [8]. Finally, total phenolic content from these extracts showed the potential of C. nidus as a source of antioxidant products. nidus grown on different culture media. The metabolites that were selected, were those that were extracted independently of the substrate used for the fungal growth and that were not commonly observed or not previously reported in Cordyceps. Oh J, Yoon DH, Shrestha B, Choi HK, Sung GH. Competing interests: Nicolas Schauer and Sandra Trenkamp are employed by Metabolomic Discoveries GmbH. Bacterial strains were grown in nutrient agar medium at 37C for 24 h, while fungal strains were grown in SDAY medium at 25C for 5 days. iNaturalist. Puerto Santander, Araracuara Canyon, GPS: 037'21''S 7224'26''W, alt 115 m. 15 May 2009, T. Sanjuan 728, HUA 186141. Nucleoside composition of from C . Laboratory of Mycology and Plant Diseases, Universidad de los Andes, Bogot, Colombia, Affiliation Nevertheless, sodium selenite composition was adjusted based on this previous work. Certainly, when polar solvents were used for extraction, a richer set of nucleosides was observed due to their chemical affinity for polar solvents. The online version of this work is archived and available from the following digital repositories: PubMed Central (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed) and LOCKSS (www.lockss.org/). Yes The medicinal properties of Cordyceps s.l. The five nuclear loci were concatenated into a single dataset and eleven data partitions as were defined previously [23].