[12] Admiral Golovin later faced a military tribunal for his refusal to engage the Swedish squadron of equal strength but was cleared when he referred to an edict from Peter the Great which stated that a Russian fleet should not engage in battle unless having 3:2 superiority or better. The same years which beheld this great domestic triumph of the Hats saw also the utter collapse of their foreign "system." What Were The Russo-Swedish Wars? - WorldAtlas However, Norwegian resistance led to the restoration of Norwegian independence in 1814. [93] Following la Gardie's taking of the city, and in retaliation for previous Russian massacres,[94] 7,000 Russians were killed according to Russow's contemporary chronicle. [68] Among them was Pontus de la Gardie,[68] who thereafter became an important Swedish commander in the Livonian War. [22] When von Frstenberg learned of the plan, he led a force into the archbishopric of Riga and in June 1556 captured the main strongholds of Kokenhusen and Ronneburg. [53] The defeats of Ula and Czasniki, along with the defection of Andrey Kurbsky, led Ivan IV to move his capital to the Alexandrov Kremlin while the perceived opposition against him was repressed by his oprichniki. Following the Allied victory at Leipzig, Charles John and the Swedes went on to wage a short, successful campaign in Denmark and Norway.[1]. [21] With weak support in Livonia,[20] von Brandenburg had to largely rely on external allies. The territory ceded to Russia was added to the Russian gains in the Treaty of Nystad (Finnish: Uusikaupunki) in 1721, under the Governorate of Vyborg. It took place during a pause in the contemporary Russo-Polish War (1654-1667) as a consequence of the Truce of Vilna. For France was too distant to be dangerous. History of Finland - Guide to Finnish History | Discovering Finland Pp. It was the greatest naval victory ever gained by Sweden and helped to pave the way for peace. [110] The situation remained unchanged until 1710 when Estonia and Livonia capitulated to Russia during the Great Northern War, an action formalised in the Treaty of Nystad (1721).[111]. "The supply challenges of the Swedish army during the Russo-Swedish War of 17411743". TheFreeDictionary Google Russo-Swedish War of 1656-58 The following article is from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1979). The deputy commander of Swedish forces, General Jean Louis Bousquet, signed a surrender document on 24 August. [73] Ivan's attention was focused elsewhere, while Frederick's reluctance perhaps stemmed from a new spirit of SwedishDanish unity that made him unwilling to invade Livonia on behalf of Magnus, whose state was a vassal of Russia. [11] The Hanseatic vessels were no match for contemporary warships,[12] and since the league was unable to maintain a large navy because of a declining share of trade,[13] its Livonian members Riga, Reval (Tallinn), and trading partner Narva were left without suitable protection. The fleet, disabled by an epidemic, was, throughout the war, little more than a floating hospital. 17 March 1819 Jean Baptiste Bernadotte is elected as king of Sweden 4 March 1906 the Swedish-Norwegian war begins 7 January 1907 Sweden wins the war and Norway remains in union with Sweden Prelude. Kettler turned to Sigismund for help. [3][4], In the summer of 1740, the commander of Swedish forces in Finland, General Carl Cronstedt, was removed from his post due to his opposition to the planned war and Charles Emil Lewenhaupt was elevated to the vacant position. [35], Russian successes followed similar patterns featuring a multitude of small campaigns, with sieges where musketmen played a key role in destroying wooden defences with effective artillery support. One Swedish army was to advance through Finland; a second army, accompanied by the Swedish coastal flotilla, was to advance along the Finnish coast into the Gulf of Finland; while a third army sailed with the Swedish battlefleet in order to land at Oranienbaum to advance on St. Petersburg. [96], Subsequent negotiations led by Jesuit papal legate Antonio Possevino resulted in the 1582 Truce of Jam Zapolski between Russia and the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth. Map showing areas of Russian and PolishLithuanian forces, 15701577. [3] Its territories consisted of the Livonian branch of the Teutonic Order, the prince-bishoprics of Dorpat (Tartu), selWiek, as well as Courland, the Archbishopric of Riga and the city of Riga. Darpan Singh New Delhi, UPDATED: Apr 9, 2022 03:30 IST Russian President Putin; Ukrainian President Zelenskyy (Photo: File) By Darpan Singh: After nearly six weeks of fighting, the world is still trying to figure out who is winning the Russia-Ukraine war that has seen thousands dead, millions displaced and multiple cities wrecked. [87] Poland also claimed the whole of Livonia, without accepting Swedish rule of any part of it. [64] Although the Swedes were also to be moved to Moscow, fortunately for them this occurred at the same time Ivan and his oprichniki were on their way to an assault on Novgorod. Russo-Swedish War (1554-1557) Prelude to the Livonian War. Hatakka, Sampsa. Sweden is the framework nation for the Nordic Battlegroup, one of the EU Battlegroups that was active during the first half of 2008. Jzef Pisudski On the day of Germany's surrender (November 11, 1918), Poland's independence was proclaimed in Warsaw, but huge German armies still occupied the western part of the former Russian Empire. [8] Wilhelm von Brandenburg was appointed as Archbishop of Riga and Christoph von Mecklenburg as his Coadjutor, with the help of his brother Albert (Albrecht) of BrandenburgAnsbach, the former Prussian Hochmeister who had secularised the southern Teutonic Order state and in 1525 established himself as duke in Prussia. [37] The terms regarding religious freedom forbade any regulation of the Protestant order by religious or secular authorities. [29] In January 1559, Russian forces again invaded Livonia. [40] His army raided Vitebsk and, after a series of border clashes, took Polotsk in 1563. Grunddragen af svenska vitterhetens historia. The Danish objective was to retrieve the Scanian lands that had been given to Sweden after the Northern Wars. The task of these naval forces was to prevent Russian forces from reaching Sweden. An attempted monarchical revolution, planned by the queen and a few devoted young nobles in 1756, was easily and remorselessly crushed; and, though the unhappy king did not, as he anticipated, share the fate of Charles Stuart, he was humiliated as never monarch was humiliated before. [61] A seven-year truce was signed between Russia and Sweden in 1565. As the war was deeply unpopular in Sweden and the Finnish officers were mutinous, news of the failure at Hogland triggered a revolt among some of the noble army officers, known as the League of Anjala. A two-year truce on this front was signed in 1575. On 17 June, between Grneberg (Zielona Gra) and Neustadt (Prudnik), he was overtaken by two Russian officers, captain Ktler and lieutenant Lewitzki, who were dispatched by Mnnich with an order to "catch up" the envoy. Relations between Sweden and Russia were tense. In the Battle of Ltzen on 6 November 1632 he rode into a group of enemy cavalry and was killed. Both generals were imprisoned on their arrival and they were placed on trial. The Danes, while well-equipped and strong, had relied heavily on mercenary forces and Christian IV, low on funds, was finally amenable to persuasion in 1613. The Russian Vice-Chancellor Alexander Bezborodko immediately agreed to negotiations, and the war was ended by the Treaty of Vrl on 14 August. Ukraine President Volodymyr Zelenskyy on Sunday dismissed claims by Donald Trump that he could end the war in 24 hours, saying the current GOP presidential front-runner failed to do so while . On the eve of the contest there was a general assembly of the Hats at the French embassy, where the Comte de Modne furnished them with 6,000,000 livres, but not until they had signed in his presence an undertaking to reform the constitution in a monarchical sense. Russo-Turkish wars | Causes, Consequences & Impact | Britannica [96] Under the agreement Russia would surrender all areas in Livonia it still held and the city of Dorpat (Tartu) to the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth, while Polotsk would remain under Commonwealth control. In Petri Talvitie & Juha-Matti Granqvist (Eds. After the Swedish throne fell to Hans of Denmark, hostilities were suspended until 1508, when Sweden and Russia ratified a peace treaty for 60 years. Fighter Wing was formed and the Swedish F 22 Kongo was part of it. Magnus attempted to expand his Livonian holdings to establish the Russian vassal state, the Kingdom of Livonia, which nominally existed until his defection in 1576. On 23 January a Swedish army of 700 infantry and 600 cavalry under command of Clas kesson Tott (the Elder) clashed with a Russian and Tartar army of 16,000 men under the command of Khan Sain-Bulat at the Battle of Lode by the village of Koluvere. It might be outdated or ideologically biased. The Polish sejm refused to agree to the treaty, believing it to be a matter affecting only the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. [92] A target of John III's campaigns, since it could be attacked by both land and sea, the campaign made use of Sweden's considerable fleet[93] but later arguments over formal control in the long term hampered any alliance with Poland. [60], In 1564, Sweden and Russia agreed the Treaty of Dorpat, whereby Russia recognised Sweden's right to Reval (Tallinn) and other castles, and Sweden accepted Russia's patrimony over the rest of Livonia. The Russo-Swedish War of 1495-1497, known in Sweden as the Stures' Russian War (Swedish: Sturarnas ryska krig), was a border war which occurred between the Grand Duchy of Moscow and the Kingdom of Sweden. Although the Germans raided Russian territory, Dorpat (Tartu), Narva, and many lesser fortresses remained in Russian hands. In Gustav III Turkey, he declared war on Russia in 1788, but treasonous activity by the Anjala League, a group of Swedish officers on the Finnish front, along with Denmark's entry into the war on the side of Russia, worsened his situation. The Hats acquiesced in her proposal in the hope that Adolf Frederick would be able to obtain better terms from her. Thereupon the Swedes set the fortress ablaze and sailed home. The policy of the Hats was a return to the traditional alliance between France and Sweden. In an alliance with the Danes, the Swedish king Olof Sktkonung won the war against the Norwegians at the battle of Svolder. On the 21st of February 1808 the greencoats crossed the border to Finland, forgetting to declare war. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. [33], Eric XIV, the new King of Sweden, turned down Kettler's requests for assistance, along with a similar request from Poland. The De la Gardie Campaign can be considered a prelude to the Ingrian War. Following the defeat of Crimean and Nogai forces in 1572, oprichnina was wound down and with it the way Russian armies were formed also changed. [6] The objective of these maneuvers was to threaten Saint Petersburg and to set the stage for a coup d'tat engineered by French and Swedish diplomats and aimed at toppling the pro-Austrian regime of Anna Leopoldovna. To them prosperity without glory was a worthless possession. [37] The local clergy and the Jesuits in Livonia embraced the counter-reformation[38] in a process assisted by Batory, who gave the Roman Catholic Church revenues and estates confiscated from Protestants as well as initiating a largely unsuccessful recruitment campaign for Catholic colonists. Under the 1582 Truce of Jam Zapolski, which ended the war between Russia and PolandLithuania, Russia lost all of its former holdings in Livonia and Polotsk to PolandLithuania. Gustavus, later to be called "the Lion of the North" due to his skills as a commander, intervened on the Protestant side in the German civil war. The Russo-Swedish War (149597) was a result of an alliance between Ivan III of Russia and Hans of Denmark, who was waging war against the Sture family of Sweden in the hope of regaining the Swedish throne. With Ivan's reserves in Pskov and Novgorod to guard against a possible Swedish invasion, the city fell on 30 August 1579. [59] The electorate rejected these demands and instead chose Henry of Valois (Henryk Walezy), brother of King Charles IX of France. Russo-Finnish War, also called Winter War, (November 30, 1939-March 12, 1940), war waged by the Soviet Union against Finland at the beginning of World War II, following the conclusion of the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact (August 23, 1939). 1:15. [23] Sigismund used the killing of his envoy Lancki by the landmeister's son as an excuse to invade the southern portion of Livonia with an army of around 80,000. The Russo-Swedish War of 17411743 (also known as The War of the Hats)[1] was instigated by the Hats, a Swedish political party that aspired to regain the territories lost to Russia during the Great Northern War, and by French diplomacy, which sought to divert Russia's attention from supporting its long-standing ally the Habsburg monarchy in the War of the Austrian Succession. They also introduced a few useful reforms, the most remarkable of which was the liberty of the press in 1766. From 15 to 21 December 1768 Sweden was without a regular government. Sweden and Russia would fight many wars in the following centuries (see Russo-Swedish Wars). Thus, while the French alliance of the warlike Hats had destroyed the prestige of Sweden, the Russian alliance of the peaceful Caps threatened to destroy her very existence. [77] John gave them the castles of Hapsal, Leal, and Lode as security, but when he failed to pay they were sold to Denmark. Russo-Finnish War | Summary, Combatants, & Facts | Britannica Russo-Swedish War (1495-1497) - Wikipedia The Russian fleet had also fallen into disrepair and was unable to take part in the fighting in 1741. [96] The armistice, which fell short of a full peace arrangement, was to last ten years and was renewed twice, in 1591 and 1601. Comment 38,000 soldiers 25,514 soldiers on land c. 13,000 . [34] Landmeister von Frstenburg fled to PolandLithuania to be replaced by Gotthard Kettler. During this time a concept of "total defence" was developed to counter the feared full-scale invasion by the Soviet Union. The first blow was not struck until six months after the declaration of war; and it was struck by the enemy, who routed the Swedes at Lappeenranta and captured that frontier fortress. [24] In 1554 Livonia and Russia had signed a fifteen-year truce in which Livonia agreed not to enter into an alliance with PolandLithuania. [40], A "grand" party of diplomats left Lithuania for Moscow in May 1566. Barton, Dunbar Plunkett. Although the war was relatively short, and did not lead to any territorial changes, it has significance as the first war between Sweden and . While Swedish troops were being deployed at the Russian border, near Villmanstrand (Finnish: Lappeenranta) and Frederikshamn (Finnish: Hamina), Swedish naval forces consisting of ten ships of the line and four frigates under Admiral Tomas von Rajalin and 20 galley strong rowing fleet under Admiral Abraham Falkengren moved on 20 May 1741 to the islands near the border. John Murray, London. This was not to Denmark's liking and they invaded southern Sweden. In response, Gustav appealed to the three lower estates (clergy, burghers, Read More Sweden [6], Due to Swedish inaction, the Russians seized the initiative and struck first with an army of 16,000 men under Field-Marshal Peter Lacy advancing from Vyborg (Swedish: Viborg, Finnish: Viipuri) towards Villmanstrand (Finnish: Lappeenranta). Ivan, however, demanded the return of Kiev, an Orthodox coronation, and a hereditary monarchy in parallel to Russia's, with his son, Feodor, as King. With the support of the Russian galley fleet, a 30,000 men strong Russian army under the command of Field-Marshal Lacy marched from Vyborg. [16] In January 1560, Sigismund sent ambassador Martin Volodkov to the court of Ivan in Moscow in an attempt to stop the Russian cavalry rampaging through rural Livonia. By the mid-16th century, economically prosperous Old Livonia[2] had become a region organised into the decentralised and religiously divided Livonian Confederation. The United Provinces, under attack by France, sought support from Denmark-Norway. The conflict was initiated by King Gustav III of Sweden for domestic political reasons, as he believed that a short war would leave the opposition no recourse but to support him. While peace negotiations lumbered on Lacywho had distinguished himself in similar operations during the Great Northern Warembarked from Kronstadt in order to effect a landing in Sweden proper. Ivan III sent Princes Daniil Shchenya and Vasily Shuisky to lay siege to the Swedish castle of Vyborg. Swedish Estonia was established despite constant invasion from Russia, and Frederick II of Denmark bought the old Bishopric of selWiek, which he placed under the control of his brother Magnus of Holstein. King Adolf Frederick of Sweden (17511771) would have given even less trouble than his predecessor but for the ambitious promptings of his masterful consort Louisa Ulrika, Frederick the Great's sister, and the tyranny of the estates, who seemed bent upon driving the meekest of princes into rebellion. Its lands were secularised as the Duchy of Livonia and Duchy of Courland and Semigallia and assigned to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The Russo-Swedish War of 1590-1595 was instigated by Boris Godunov in the hope of gaining the territory of the Duchy of Estonia along the Gulf of Finland belonging to Sweden since the previous Livonian War. The Scanian War was fought between the union of DenmarkNorway and Sweden from 16751679. [101], In 1590, the Russo-Swedish truce of Plussa expired and fighting resumed[98] while the ensuing Russo-Swedish War of 15905 ended with the Treaty of Teusina (Tyavzino, Tyavzin), under which Sweden had to cede Ingria and Kexholm to Russia. The Kalmar War was a war between Sweden and Denmark 1611 to 1613. [73], During the early 1570s, King John III of Sweden faced a Russian offensive on his positions in Estonia. On 20 July 1741 war was formally declared against Russia; a month later the Diet was dissolved and the lantmarskalk set off to Finland to take command of the army. [51] Both Ivan IV and Eric XIV showed signs of mental disorder,[52] with Ivan IV turning against part of the Tsardom's nobility and people with the oprichina that began in 1565, leaving Russia in a state of political chaos and civil war. Denmark-Norway surrendered and handed over the Danish provinces of Blekinge, Bornholm, Halland and Scania as well as the Norwegian provinces of Trondheim and Bhuslen after the Treaty of Roskilde. A couple of days later, the Russians had managed to completely surround the town on land. July 11, 2023 - Russia-Ukraine news - CNN When Kokenhusen (Koknese) submitted to Magnus to avoid fighting Ivan IV's army, the Tsar sacked the town and executed its German commanders. The goal was to gain full control over the Baltic Sea. Russo-Swedish War (1554-1557) - Wikipedia [91] In 1581, the force besieged Pskov, a well-fortified and heavily defended fortress. [40], In return for a loan and a guarantee of Danish protection, Bishop Johann von Mnchhausen signed a treaty on 26September 1559 giving Frederick II of Denmark-Norway the right to nominate the bishop of selWiek, an act which amounted to the sale of these territories for 30,000 thalers. Impediments multiplied at every step; the cry was raised: "The constitution is in danger" and on 30 January 1770 the Reaction Riksdag, after a barren ten months session, rose amidst chaotic confusion without accomplishing anything. All Swedish naval forces returned to Sweden in early September 1742. Nothing else was done on either side for six months more; and then the Swedish generals made a "tacit truce" with the Russians through the mediation of the French ambassador at St. Petersburg. In 1790, King Gustav revived the plan for a landing close to St. Petersburg, this time near Vyborg. Ivan III sent Princes Daniil Shchenya and Vasily Shuisky to lay siege to the Swedish castle of Vyborg. [86] For a further 200,000 zloty payment, he appointed Hohenzollern George Frederick as administrator of Prussia and secured the latter's military support in the planned campaign against Russia. The Swedish party left following an ultimatum from Ivan that Sweden should cede its territory in Livonia or there would be war. From 1558 to 1578, Russia dominated the region with early military successes at Dorpat (Tartu) and Narva. [58] Russia considered the delivery of Catherine to be a precondition of any deal, and the Swedes agreed to meet in Novgorod to discuss the matter. In march Denmark also declared war on Sweden. [90] Similarly, he improved an already effective artillery system and recruited cossacks. Be it when, at the end of the session, they half-heartedly brought the matter forward, the Riksdag suddenly seemed to be stricken with paralysis. Finnish War The Finnish War ( Swedish: Finska kriget, Russian: , Finnish: Suomen sota) was fought between the Kingdom of Sweden and the Russian Empire from 21 February 1808 to 17 September 1809 as part of the Napoleonic Wars. "[6], The Order's Landmeister and the Gebietigers, as well as the owners of Livonian estates, were all lesser nobles who guarded their privileges and influence by preventing the creation of a higher, more powerful noble class. The Swedish attack on Russia caused DenmarkNorway to declare war on Sweden in August in accordance with its treaty obligations to Russia. The campaign ended with most of De la Gardie's forces being destroyed by the Polish hetman Stanisaw kiewski at the Battle of Klushino in 1610. On 3 July the Swedes forced their way out in the costly Battle of Vyborg Bay, losing six battleships and four frigates as a result. [40] Lithuanian victories came at the Battle of Ula in 1564[40] and at Czasniki (Chashniki) in 1567, a period of intermittent conflict between the two sides. [18] Ivan continued to point out that the existence of the Order required passive Russian support, and was quick to threaten use of military force if necessary. The following year, Sweden and Russia signed the Truce of Plussa, with Sweden gaining most of Ingria and northern Livonia while retaining the Duchy of Estonia. The war dragged on for many years until a peace agreement was at last reached in 1648. 15581562: Dissolution of the Livonian Order, 15701577: Russian dominance and the Kingdom of Livonia, Swedish and PolishLithuanian alliance and counter-offensives, a contested election to the joint PolishLithuanian throne, Estonia and Livonia capitulated to Russia, Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, Bibliography of Russian history (12231613), The Struggle for the Dominium Maris Baltici, The Role of Duke Magnus of Holstein in the Baltic Sea Region during the Livonian War, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Livonian_War&oldid=1159379661, This page was last edited on 9 June 2023, at 23:37. It thus won control of the mouth of the Oder, Elbe, and Weser Rivers, and acquired three voices in the Council of Princes of the German Reichstag. Galleys sailed to Pellinge (Finnish: Pellinki). [25] On 22 January 1558, Ivan reacted with the invasion of Livonia. [72] From Ivan's point of view, the treaty enabled the powers involved to form an alliance against him, now that they were no longer fighting each other. [99] North of the Dna, Batory reduced the privileges Sigismund had granted the Duchy of Livonia, regarding the regained territories as the spoils of war. [2] As well as a divided political administration, there were also persistent rivalries between the Archbishop of Riga and the Landmeister of the Order for hegemony. It ended when the parties agreed on a truce in the Treaty of Novgorod (1557). All of Finland fell under Russian occupation (17421743) which became later known as the Lesser Wrath (Finnish: Pikkuviha). Although no longer a great power, she still had many of the responsibilities of a great power; and if the Swedish alliance had considerably depreciated in value, it was still a marketable commodity. Despite establishing himself an autocrat in bloodless coup d'tat that ended parliamentary rule in 1772, his political powers did not give him the right to start a war. The recruits are encouraged to sign up for additional service after their mandatory training is over. [62] The campaign then focussed on Wenden (Csis, Vnnu), "the heart of Livonia", which as the former capital of the Livonian Order was not only of strategic importance, but also symbolic of Livonia itself. Since the ending of the cold war, and despite a continuing position of neutrality, Sweden has been slowly playing an increased role in international operations, including NATO operations in Kosovo (KFOR) and Afghanistan (the International Security Assistance Force). [74] Drought and epidemics had fatally affected the Russian economy while oprichnina had thoroughly disrupted the government. It crossed the border on 13 June and then continued advancing towards Frederikshamn. Elizabeth also wanted Russian forces to occupy Sweden in order to ensure Adolf Frederick's peaceful election, but this plan aroused the vehement opposition of the Swedish representatives and was abandoned. [90] Without further significant resistance, garrisons such as Sokol, Velizh, and Usvzat fell quickly. In the Peace of Westphalia Sweden received an indemnity, as well as control of Western Pomerania and the bishoprics of Bremen and Verden. [103] Charles then expelled the Polish forces from Estonia[103] and invaded the Livonian duchy, starting a series of PolishSwedish wars. The De la Gardie Campaign refers to the actions of a 15,000-strong military unit commanded by Jacob De la Gardie in alliance with the Russian commander Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky against the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth in the PolishMuscovite War (160518). [102] Sweden descended into a civil war in 1597, followed by the 15981599 war against Sigismund, which ended with the deposition of Sigismund by the Swedish riksdag. The Hats eagerly caught at the opportunity of recovering the lost lands and their own prestige along with it.