cordyceps militaris common name

DISCLAIMERThe information on this website is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. 301, 125255. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125255. In nowadays, type 1 immunity is associated with tumor and intracellular pathogens killing and type 2 immunity is associated with extracellular parasite eradiation and tissue repair, except fibrosis. (Mains, 1958; Smith, Smith & Weber, 1981; Breitenbach & Krnzlin, 1984; Arora, 1986; Phillips, 1991/2005; Lincoff, 1992; Metzler & Metzler, 1992; Barron, 1999; Roody, 2003; McNeil, 2006.) This includes much of North America and Europe. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.10.088. In this review, we found that total extracts using 7080% ethyl alcohol and cordycepin of C. militaris were likely to result in type 2 host immunity, whereas polysaccharides and total extract by water or 50% ethyl alcohol of C. militaris were likely to result in type 1 immunity. Xiong, Y., Zhang, S., Xu, L., Song, B., Huang, G., Lu, J., et al. Cordyceps militarisEnhances MHC-restricted antigen presentation via the induced expression of MHC molecules and production of cytokines. The concentrations of Cu, Zn, Mg, Mn, Se, and Fe in the serum (g/ml) were 1.11 0.51, 0.69 0.53, 15.68 1.53, 0.008 0.53, 0.26 0.53, and 0.16 0.03, respectively. 142, 6372. Powders are easy and quick for making tea or adding to your food. The .gov means its official. The immunomodulatory mechanism of total extract obtained using water or different concentration of ethanol is unclear. Total extracts using water or 50% ethanol and polysaccharides from C. militaris could be used to treat tumors, allergies, and viral infections because these ingredients tend to drive the immune response toward type 1 immunity. A total of 1.5g/day of C. militaris was orally delivered to healthy volunteers. Springer; Singapore: 2017. Res. (, Mice fed diets supplemented with Cordyceps had significantly longer life spans. (2013). Yuan, J., Wang, A., He, Y., Si, Z., Xu, S., Zhang, S., et al. Ophiocordyceps sinensis has a deep history in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Moreover, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 were markedly overexpressed. Cordyceps is considered safe and a low-risk medicinal supplement. Results exhibited that cordycepin could reduce both Th1 (IL-2 and IFN-) and Th2 cytokine (IL-4 and IL-6) secretion. The researchers revealed that cordysinocan could act as an immunomodulator on T lymphocytes and macrophages. The mechanism by which cordycepin regulated the NF-B pathway was investigated by Ren et al. Chan JS, Barseghyan GS, Asatiani MD, Wasser SP. Those who do not mention being activated should be made into a tea or used while cooking. Int. doi:10.1056/nejmra1004965. doi:10.1128/msystems.00183-17. They concluded that cordycepins suppression of T cell activation in vitro and in vivo might be associated with the NFAT2 signaling pathway. 185 (2), 912922. Eighty years later, in 1833, German mycologist Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link (1767 - 1850) renamed it Cordyceps militaris, which to the present day remains its generally-accepted scientific name. They have been used traditionally for centuries, with high esteem for improving well-being and longevity. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.02.009. (2007) (Ohta et al., 2007). sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal (2017) to be capable of inhibiting airway remodeling in a chronic asthma rat model (Fei et al., 2017). Polysaccharides could abolish cy-induced immunosuppression in a mice model (Wang et al., 2012). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. The asci are long and cylindrical. Tisoncik, J. R., Korth, M. J., Simmons, C. P., Farrar, J., Martin, T. R., and Katze, M. G. (2012). 136, 358375. They parasitize insects, feeding on their live tissues, and even altering their behaviors! Cordyceps militaris is a predatory fungus that kills and eats insect larvae or pupae (usually those of moths). The infertile stem is 1 to 3cm long and 1 to 1.5mm dia., usually somewhat wavy; paler orange than the fertile head. Third, the researchers used sheep red blood cells and observed reduced serum hemolysin formation in mice that received IP injections of 15 and 30mg/kg CPS-1. Rep. 10 (1), 2974. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-59900-9. Ultimate Guide To Cordyceps Mushrooms - World Mushroom Society The researchers observed that eotaxin, ICAM-1, and Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13) in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were significantly reduced in cordycepin-treated mice. Total extracts obtained using water or 50% ethyl alcohol and polysaccharides from C. militaris were discovered to tend to promote type 1 immunity, whereas total extracts obtained using 7080% ethyl alcohol and cordycepin from C. militaris were more likely to promote type 2 immunity. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a cytokine that is associated with atopic dermatitis. 2017). The researchers posited that Zn, Mg, and Se might play direct or indirect roles in counteracting the influenza virus through stimulating the host immune response. Cordyceps is a genus of ascomycete fungi (sac fungi) that includes about 400 species. 132, 906914. 95, 183195. A medicnal mushroom that develops at insects - panoramio.jpg, Flickr - Scarlet Caterpillarclub - Fungi.jpg, Harilik kedristlvik (Cordyceps militaris) Eestis.JPG, Harilik kedristlvik (Cordyceps militaris) Eestis2.jpg, HK SW Sheung Wan Sky Cuisine Restaurant Saturday morning breakfast steamed rice dim sum April 2023 Px3 01.jpg, HK SW Sheung Wan Sky Cuisine Restaurant Saturday morning breakfast steamed rice dim sum April 2023 Px3 02.jpg, HK SW Sheung Wan Sky Cuisine Restaurant Saturday morning breakfast steamed rice dim sum April 2023 Px3 06.jpg, HK SW Sheung Wan Sky Cuisine Restaurant Saturday morning breakfast steamed rice dim sum April 2023 Px3 08.jpg, HK SW Sheung Wan Sky Cuisine Restaurant Saturday morning breakfast steamed rice dim sum April 2023 Px3 09.jpg, HK SW Sheung Wan Sky Cuisine Restaurant Saturday morning breakfast steamed rice dim sum n soy sauce April 2023 Px3 02.jpg, Language of fungi derived from their electrical spiking activity.pdf, Rupsendoder (Cordyceps militaris). This high vantage point in the canopy is ideal for it to disperse its spores. doi:10.1111/1541-4337.12335. The branches were mainly composed of (14)-linked d-mannopyranosyl residue and terminated with d-galactopyranosyl residues and d-mannopyranosyl residues, with a degree of branching of 0.33. sphaerocephala MRCIF64 Disclaimer: The NCBI taxonomy database is not an authoritative source for nomenclature or classification - please . The immunomodulatory mechanism of cordycepin in different immune cells is related to different pathways. Carbohydr. [9], Polysaccharide components and cordycepin are under basic research and have been isolated from C. The medicinal properties of Cordyceps are largely linked to the active compounds called Cordycepin and Adenosine. Technol. doi:10.1007/s00281-017-0636-y. Microbiol. Cordycepin alleviates airway hyperreactivity in a murine model of asthma by attenuating the inflammatory process. Genome Biol. Cordyceps militaris (strain CM01) (Caterpillar fungus) Cordyceps militaris CM-whu Browse all direct children ( 3) Browse all descendants Common name Caterpillar fungus Synonyms Clavaria militaris Other names Clavaria militaris L., 1753 Rank species Lineage Cordyceps militaris. The main linkage types of CMP- consisted of (14)--D-Glc (70.08%) (14,6)--D-Man (9.59%) (1)--D-Man (10.79%) and (12,6)--D-Gal (3.93%). Food Drug Anal. (2011). (2011) found that the water extract of mycelium of C. militaris attenuated dextran sodium sulfateinduced acute colitis in mice (Han et al., 2011). Int J Med Mushrooms. Compr. In addition, they found that GSC could inhibit concanavalin Ainduced T cell proliferation. So club-head fungi they must surely be. var. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2010.07.010. When the balance is broken, the host might suffer from the disease. Records of Cordyceps fungi in China date from AD620, during the Tang Dynasty, and describe an organism with the ability to transform from animal to plant during summertime and then to change back to an animal for the winter. 2008-12-14 Cordyceps militaris 3107128906.jpg 800 533; 147 KB. doi:10.4110/in.2009.9.6.255. 16 (2), 316329. Not only is it more economically accessible and environmentally sustainable but it contains a more unique biochemical profile. Whether you are an athlete or just trying to improve your health, Cordyceps may provide an extra tool to help you reach your goal. A total of 4g/kg/day of C. militaris extract was administered orally to treat the mice on days 1527. Kims group (2009) found that cordycepin could regulate type II diabetes (Shin, Lee, et al., 2009). doi:10.1146/annurev-ento-031616-035509. Epub 2023 Mar 27. Immunol. (2011). The authors demonstrated that polysaccharide could improve the immune and antioxidation function in cy-induced immunosuppressive mice. Nat. Carbohydr. Just dont go into it seeking a harvest. 0.5 to 4cm long and 2 to 4mm dia., the fertile head is bright orange or scarlet-orange; club-shaped and slightly swollen; rarely branching; granular, covered in raised pores. Sometimes an anamorphic state, which is Isaria, is found. He, X., Fang, J., Guo, Q., Wang, M., Li, Y., Meng, Y., et al. Cordyceps militaris : An Overview of Its Chemical Constituents in 5991. Structural characterization, antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities of a neutral polysaccharide from Cordyceps militaris cultivated on hull-less barley. 52 (8), 696701. The IP address used for your Internet connection is part of a subnet that has been blocked from access to PubMed Central. This page includes pictures kindly contributed by David Kelly. Some products may use mycelium that is either grown in liquid broth or on grain. (2010). J. Pharm. This review aims to present the chemical composition and medicinal properties of Cordyceps militaris fruiting bodies and mycelium, as well as mycelium from in vitro cultures. Cordyceps militarisEnhances cell-mediated immunity in healthy Korean men. Cordyceps militaris (L.) Link "Metabolic profiling of natural and cultured Cordyceps by NMR spectroscopy", "A novel protein from edible fungi Cordyceps militaris that induces apoptosis", "Phylogenetic classification of Cordyceps and the clavicipitaceous fungi", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cordyceps_militaris&oldid=1146047482, This page was last edited on 22 March 2023, at 13:21. Yue, K., Ye, M., Zhou, Z., Sun, W., and Lin, X. Kay, A. Biological Role: This fungus is a parasite of the larvae or pupae of moths and butterflies. Kawai, T., and Akira, S. (2010). Cell 180 (6), 10441066. doi:10.1002/elps.201100343. Keep your eyes peeled for small and orange club fungi. Immunomodulatory effects from different ingredients of C. militaris. CPS-1 extracted from C. militaris acts as an immunomodulator (Yu et al., 2004). While mycelium from Ophiocrodyceps sinensis does have a tad more Cordycepin than the fruiting bodies it still only occurs in negligible quantities (Zhou, 2009)). The researchers used 5, 10, 20, or 40g/ml cordycepin to treat LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cells and found that TNF-, IL-6, IL-1, iNOS, and COX-2 expression decreased significantly in cordycepin-treated LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cells compared with that in the nontreated controls in a dose-dependent manner. Cordyceps militaris extract suppresses dextran sodium sulfate-induced acute colitis in mice and production of inflammatory mediators from macrophages and mast cells. The authors also evaluated the preventive effects of cordycepin on airway inflammation and mucus hypersecretion in a pathological study. doi:10.1002/jcp.26429. Cordyceps militaris (C. militaris) is a medicinal mushroom possessing a variety of biofunctionalities.It has several biologically important components such as polysaccharides and others. 92, 94110. Han et al. Depending on the seasonal abundance a single pound of this mushroom can cost between $10,000 to $50,000! Trends in food science and technology 105, 468482. doi:10.1189/jlb.3ri0116-021r. The acronym stands for Cordyceps Moron Syndrome, and symptoms present in two ways. Cordyceps militaris as a Bio Functional Food Source: Pharmacological This article is the first to classify the immunomodulatory effects of different extracts of C. militaris. (2009) found that cordysinocan modulated both T lymphocyte and macrophage activities. Cordyceps: A Highly Coveted Medicinal Mushroom; pp. Nat. Polysaccharide could regulate peritoneal macrophages and RAW 264.7 cells to increase the expression of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide, TNF-, and phagocytic uptake in a dose-dependent manner. Sun, Y., Zhang, M., and Fang, Z. Biomed. Locatie, Hortus (Haren, Groningen).JPG, Scarlet Caterpillar Club. (2020). Structural characterization and immune-enhancing activity of a novel high-molecular-weight polysaccharide from Cordyceps militaris. Kuo 08180607. [12] Similar species include Cordyceps sobolifera, Elaphocordyceps capitata, and Elaphocordyceps ophioglossoides. doi:10.1111/j.2042-7158.2012.01601.x. Cordyceps militaris or very similar species, do occur in many temperate forests across the world. Immune Netw 9 (3), 98105. doi:10.2174/0929867325666181001105749. Electrophoresis 32 (22), 31573163. Both contain cordycepin. Lin, Y.-S., Yang, C.-H., Lu, K., Huang, K.-S., and Zheng, Y.-Z. Results indicated that the ethyl acetate extract could reduce the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction in a dose-dependent manner with median effective dose (ED50) = 665mg/kg. B. Cordycepin inhibited the nuclear factor of the kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells and alpha (IB) phosphorylation, reducing IB degradation. Food 18 (10), 11641172. Since I suffer from CMS, the one time I found Cordyceps militaris I assumed I was looking at Clavulinopsis laeticolor, took some half-hearted pictures and plucked the thing promptly, without digging up the bug. Results indicated that APS could modulate not only inflammatory cytokine (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-, and IFN-) and iNOS expression, which could increase antivirus activity, but also anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) expression, which could prevent excessive macrophage activation and reduce deaths caused by influenza A virus in vivo (Ohta et al., 2007). doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2017.01.025. There are many different types of Cordyceps products that are sold commercially. Cordyceps militaris, Scarlet Caterpillarclub fungus: identification pictures (images), habitat, edible or poisonous; taxonomy, etymology, synonyms, similar species Help keep this website free. Cordysinocan, a polysaccharide isolated from cultured Cordyceps, activates immune responses in cultured T-lymphocytes and macrophages: signaling cascade and induction of cytokines. The genusCordyceps: a chemical and pharmacological review. Cordycepin- melittin nanoconjugate intensifies wound healing efficacy in diabetic rats. Insect pathogenic fungi: genomics, molecular interactions, and genetic improvements. Anti-inflammatory and related pharmacological activities of cultured mycelia and fruiting bodies of Cordyceps militaris. Cordyceps Militaris Production: Past, Present and Future - Mushroom Revival mSystems 3 (2), e0018300117. An acid polysaccharide (APS) isolated from C. militaris was revealed to have antiinfluenza virus activity by Ohta et al. (2008). 148, 722736. Received: 29 June 2020; Accepted: 14 October 2020;Published: 30 November 2020. The oldest document mentioning dates back to 846 AD and was written by Chinese naturalist Duan Chengshi. doi:10.1080/08923973.2020.1728310. Ethyl acetate extract of C. militaris reported to inhibit allergy reaction by Oh et al. Medicinal uses of the mushroom Cordyceps militaris - ScienceDirect Chemical Composition and Medicinal Value of Fruiting Bodies and Submerged Cultured Mycelia of Caterpillar Medicinal Fungus Cordyceps militaris CBS-132098 (Ascomycetes). Diverse variants of cordyceps have had more than 1,500 years of use in Chinese medicine. :196[13], Like other members of the Cordyceps genus, Cordyceps Militaris produces the pharmacologically active compound cordycepin. Under normal conditions, a host immune system always reaches a balance between type 1 and type 2 immunity. Immune Netw 9 (6), 255264. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Yang, C.-H., Kao, Y.-H., Huang, K.-S., Wang, C.-Y., and Lin, L.-W. (2012). 60 (9), 14751495. (, Mice fed diets supplemented with Cordyceps displayed lower levels of LDL or Bad Cholesterol. The .gov means its official. At this point, the mushroom fruiting body begins growing directly from the head of the ants! doi:10.3892/ijmm.2019.4391. Wang, X., Xi, D., Mo, J., Wang, K., Luo, Y., Xia, E., et al. The following 48 files are in this category, out of 48 total. (. Summary of the biological activities of C. militaris. 2009). Immunopharm. (2014). Use of PMC is free, but must comply with the terms of the Copyright Notice on the PMC site. doi:10.1007/s12011-011-8986-0. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.115. In contrast, those using 7080% ethanol extracts and cordycepin of C. militaris were more likely to obtain an immune response to type 2 immunity. . The researchers reported that C. militaris extracts could activate macrophage activity through activation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-B). This review can provide the readers a comprehensive understanding on the immunomodulatory effects of the precious folk medicine and guidance on its use for both health people and those with an immunodeficiency. The action of C. militaris trace elements and their ability to counteract the influenza virus were analyzed by Wang and Hou (2011) (Wang and Hou, 2011). A simple and effective method to discern the true commercial Chinese cordyceps from counterfeits. 802, 16. Pediatrics & Neonatology 49 (5), 171178. J. Ethnopharmacol. [10], Cordyceps has long been used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat many diseases related to lungs and kidneys. Commun. In macrophages, cordycepin reduces the activation of NF-B pathway; while in T-lymphocytes, cordycepin can suppress this activity and may be associated with the NFAT2 signaling pathway; finally, in mast cells, cordycepin can reduce the IL-13 and MDM2 expression in TSLP-induced HMC-1 cells. Food Chem. Han, E. S., Oh, J. Y., and Park, H.-J. (, Cordyceps reduced the diabetes-induced weight loss, polydipsia, and hyperglycemia in diabetic mice. The efficacy of these products has not been confirmed by TGA and FDA-approved research. Cooking destroys this protein. The effect of C. militaris powder on the immunoregulation function of healthy volunteers was investigated by Sun et al. Interleukin-12 and interleukin-23 blockade in leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 1. (2013). Psychopharmacology 236 (10), 29592973. Macromol. Kim et al. The results revealed that fruiting body extracts and cultured mycelia extracts had similar antiinflammatory effects. It has been shown to induce apoptosis, reduce inflammation, and inhibit RNA transcription in cells. (2016). (2015). [6][2] In Asia the fruiting body is cooked as a mushroom in dishes like chicken soup,[7] pork bone soup[8] and hot pot. Immunopharm. They used 80mg/kg/day cy through IP injection from day 1 to day 3, and 17.5, 35, or 70mg/kg of polysaccharide was administrated orally from day 4 to day 18. Structure and functions of exopolysaccharide produced by gut commensal Lactobacillus reuteri 100-23. When treating LPS-induced BV2 microglia with 1, 2.5, 5, or 7.5g/ml cordycepin, nitric oxide and PGE2 expression were reduced. The results indicated that cotreatment with cordycepin and budesonide synergistically reduced the total cells, eosinophils, and basophils in the BALF of rats with OVA-induced asthma. Int. -. (, Cordyceps helped reduce the negative impacts on the health of the heart and liver in mice with chronic kidney disease. One of the most important traditional Chinese medicines, Cordyceps militaris (an entomopathogenic fungus) which belonging to the class Ascomycetes, has been used extensively as a crude drug and a folk tonic food in East Asia [2]. Cordyceps as a common name typically refers to two species of mushroom, but scientifically it refers to a genus with over 400 species of mushrooms in it. Protective effect of Cordyceps militaris against high glucose-induced oxidative stress in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Cordycepin suppresses the migration and invasion of human liver cancer cells by downregulating the expression of CXCR4. Immunotoxicol. Dictionary of the Fungi; Paul M. Kirk, Paul F. Cannon, David W. Minter and J. However, in some cases, type 2 immunity may also cause tissue damage, such as tissue fibrosis (Gieseck et al., 2018). For example, the anti-inflmmatory activity of the extracts from fruiting body and cultured mycelia of C. militaris was compared by Won and Park (2005) (Won and Park, 2005). It is believed to treat coughs and improve the immune system. (2010). 145, 1120. The available data are limited, therefore the immunoregulation trends of trace elements and powders of C. militaris remain unclear. Recent scientific reports indicate the potential of cordycepin in antiviral activity, particularly against COVID-19. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.09.010. ERK extracellular-signal-regulated kinase, EC50 half maximal effective concentration, IC50 half maximal inhibitory concentration, ICAM-1 intracellular adhesion molecules-1, MYD88 myeloid differentiation primary response 88, NFAT2 nuclear factor of activated T cells 2, NF-B nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, IB nuclear factor of kappa-light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha, p38 p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases. For those wanting to try Ophiocordyceps sinensis, cultivated mycelium products can be a good option. Cysinocan, a polysaccharide extracted from C. militaris and with a MW of 8.2 104Da, is composed of D-Glc, D-Man, and D-Gal (Cheung et al., 2009). Synonyms of Cordyceps militaris include Clavaria militaris L., Sphaeria militaris(L.) Ehrh., andTorrubia militaris (L.) Tul. The study also found that benefits may be improved when taken regularly over long periods. Cordyceps militaris Name Homonyms Cordyceps militaris (L.) Fr. The researchers also examined whether the inhibition of immune response might be associated with the suppression of the NF-B, Akt, and MAPK signaling pathways. doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2019.11.018. This species can also be cultivated and thus provides a more economic and sustainable alternative to the wild-harvested cordyceps. 124 (1), 6168. Rev. Cordycepin at dosages of 10, 20, or 30g/ml were used to treat LPS-induced RAW 264.7cells, which led to reduced expression levels of iNOS and COX-2. In addition, Hongs group revealed that polysaccharides isolated from C. militarisstimulated macrophage activity might be associated with the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and NF-B pathway (Lee et al., 2015). Shen, H.-S., Shao, S., Chen, J.-C., and Zhou, T. (2017). J. Agric. (2004). Int J Med Mushrooms. doi:10.1038/ismej.2010.201. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2004.10.009. The surface appears roughly punctured. Z., Bi, C. W. C., et al. Cordyceps militaris (51656512528).jpg, Solingen 23.09.2017 Cordyceps militaris (37080450764).jpg, Solingen 23.09.2017 Cordyceps militaris (37081441554).jpg, Solingen 23.09.2017 Cordyceps militaris (37532690170).jpg, Solingen 23.09.2017 Cordyceps militaris (37532690520).jpg, Solingen 23.09.2017 Cordyceps militaris (37758264352).jpg, Solingen 23.09.2017 Cordyceps militaris (37790927051).jpg, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cordyceps_militaris&oldid=383169693, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. (A) The dried fruiting body products of C. militaris(B) The cultured mycelia of C. militaris. Some users may prefer these products due to their ties to traditional Chinese medicine and folklore. Srikiatkhachorn, A., Mathew, A., and Rothman, A. L. (2017). The immunomodulation effects of polysaccharides from C. militaris. Trends Food Sci. (2017). The researchers found that MAPK activity could be suppressed in cordycepin-treated LPS-induced RAW 264.7cells. Accessibility Termsofuse - Privacypolicy- Disablecookies - Linkspolicy. Lin, B., and Li, S. (2011). In addition, the researchers observed fewer infiltrating cells in the airway in C. militaris extract-treated group than in the nontreated control, montelukast and steroid groups. They posited that the extract could serve as a safe immunomodulator to increase cell-mediated immunity. Bookshelf Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Republic of Korea. Ophiocordyceps sinensis - Wikipedia 2010;81:961968. (2012). In addition, the authors detected iNOS, COX-2, and TNF- expression in these cells and found that cordycepin could significantly reduce their expression. Cordyceps fruiting bodies can be consumed fresh, but they are most often sold dehydrated. B. Link (Ascomycetes). D'Elia, R. V., Harrison, K., Oyston, P. C., Lukaszewski, R. A., and Clark, G. C. (2013).
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