HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help The site is secure. None of the MPs or their aggregates, including the 430 m particles, induced nematocyst discharge. A cnidocyte (also known as a cnidoblast or nematocyte) is an explosive cell containing one large secretory organelle called a cnidocyst (also known as a cnida ( PL cnidae) or nematocyst) that can deliver a sting to other organisms. It has been proven by Alan Turing on a fundamental morphological level that differential equations describe the time-dependence of activator and inhibitor concentrations in Hydra. Semithin sections (1 m) were stained with methylene blue. J Exp Biol 2001;204:2011-2020. Stingose is a topical solution composed of 20% aluminum sulfate and 1.1% surfactant. Now these findings have to be correlated with experimental settings. The threshold pressure is proportional to the elastic modulus (Y) of the capsule and hence the exit orifice. and N.Z. Fish cartilage [102], green algae [39,103] and Cnidaria (Rhopilema esculentum) [36,37,51,52] are our sources for proteoglycans, polysaccharides and collagen-fragments. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. In an early branching metazoan, bacterial colonization of the embryo is controlled by maternal antimicrobial peptides. This is of importance for testing the predictions in relation to the theoretical five-stage model. Tegaserod mimics the neurostimulatory glycan polysialic acid and promotes nervous system repair. Measurements on triple and non-triple helical collagen fragments from exumbrellatissue from the jellyfish species Rhopilema esculentum [36,37,51,52] have been performed on the Quartz Crystal Microbalance system QCM 200 SRS. Engel U., Pertz O., Fauser C., Engel J., David C.N., Holstein T.W. In the fifth stage, the tubule everts (i.e., turns inside out) through the hollow stylet and itself, exposing the poisonous barbs into its victim. In the case of a nematocyst discharge, which is caused by sialic acids, the chemical and physical-mechanic data can be separated . A fast recoiling silk-like elastomer facilitates nanosecond nematocyst discharge. These carbohydrate target structures undergo specific interactions with lectins [22,38,78,94] but possibly also with carbohydrate chains [95,96,97]. In addition, only passive (i.e., energy minimizing) processes are modeled. The best template structure in the protein data bank is 2ZX2.pdb from the rhamnose binding lectin CSL3 [71]. Shirai T., Watanabe Y., Lee M.S., Ogawa T., Muramoto K. Structure of rhamnose-binding lectin CSL3: Unique pseudo-tetrameric architecture of a pattern recognition protein. Rare but potentially fatal complication. We also thank H. Wienk and R. Boelens (Utrecht Facility for High-resolution NMR Bijvoetcenter for Biomolecular Research, University Utrecht, The Netherlands) for their support in respect of the NMR experiments (European Commissions Framework Program 7 Bio-NMR; project number 261863) as well as Philipp Siebert (RI-B-NT) for technical assistance. Antivenom is only readily available in Australia for severe, Acetic acid/vinegar (unless box jellyfish), Fresh or tap water (causes nematocyst discharge via the osmotic gradient). Glioblastoma cells: Cells were taken from a glioblastoma multiforme (WHO stage four). Sialic acid molecules which play also a crucial role in developmental processes [90,91] were invented during the evolution in Echinodermata (e.g., starfishes). We are indebted to H. Maximilian Mehdorn (Department of Neurosurgery, Universittsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany) and Gerald t Hooft (Institute for Theoretical Physics Utrecht University and Spinoza Institute Utrecht, The Netherlands) for fruitful and valuable discussions concerning clinical aspects and theoretical physics related to nematocyst discharge processes. In the case of a nematocyst discharge, which is caused by sialic acids, the chemical and physical-mechanic data can be separated [1]. Roedig H., Nastase M.V., Frey H., Moreth K., Zeng-Brouwers J., Poluzzi C., Tzung-Harn Hsieh L., Brandts C., Fulda S., Wygrecka M., et al. The matrix component biglycan is proinflammatory and signals through Toll-like receptors 4 and 2 in macrophages [57,58,59]. Each is produced by a special cell called a cnidoblast and contains a coiled, hollow, usually barbed thread, which quickly turns outward (i.e., is everted) from the capsule upon proper stimulation. The high tumbling rate of the surface exposed bio-macromolecules lead to broad signals of the one-dimensional proton NMR spectrum (not shown). Since the charge buildup would be mostly near the inner surface of the nematocyst, a simple linear model is used, which would be valid near the surface u=Rr of the nematocyst and also assuming that <
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